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This paper examines ASEAN’s strategic role in governing dual-use items and technologies amid intensifying U.S. – China technological competition. It argues that the intersection of trade and security, anchored in the World Trade Organization’s concept of economic security, requires ASEAN to encourage the strengthening of domestic legal frameworks, harmonise regional approaches, and engage multilaterally. By addressing challenges such as intangible technology transfers and divergent national controls, ASEAN can enhance resilience, attract investment, and reinforce its credibility as a trusted, rules-based region for innovation. The paper advances a pragmatic framework balancing security imperatives with economic growth and technological openness.

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